In 2015, a zika outbreak began in brazil and quickly spread to many countries in south and central america, the caribbean, and the south pacific. However, chikungunya first arrived in this region in 2014 after appearing in the caribbean in 20. Dengue fever spreading rapidly across central america. San pedro sula, honduras declared a dengue state of emergency, and central america had its worst outbreaks since 2008. In early 2015, a widespread epidemic of zika fever, caused by the zika virus in brazil, spread to other parts of south and north america. A dengue epidemic is raging in central america, from honduras to costa rica.
International federation saving lives, changing minds. Cdc continues to work with the ministries of health moh and the council of ministers of health of central america comisca to respond to public health threats addressing hiv, tuberculosis, dengue, and zika virus as well as strengthening surveillance, laboratory and workforce. The pan american health organization is warning against a deadly spike in dengue fever in latin america and the caribbean, and is calling on communities to eliminate mosquito breeding sites to. International journal of medical and applied sciences.
Dengue epidemiology is inseparable from vector ecology. The presence of fever, itchy rash, and headache the dengue. Dengue epidemiology and burden of disease in latin america. Dengue, the predominant arthropodborne viral disease affecting humans, is caused by one of four distinct serotypes denv1, 2, 3 or 4. By tyler sharp 20 was a banner year for dengue in the united states. Dengue fever is a mosquitoborne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. Pandemic arboviruses have emerged as a major global health problem in the past four decades. Dengue is a risk in many parts of central and south america, mexico, and the caribbean. The growing burden of dengue in latin america request pdf. In 2009 2010, an outbreak of dengue was identified in key west. The history of dengue outbreaks in the americas ncbi. Thanks to the efforts made in 2007, national authorities have been able to detect the current outbreak on time. Dengue fever epidemic sparks public health emergency in.
National epidemiological surveillance systems, usually based on passive detection of symptomatic cases, while underestimating the true burden of dengue disease, can provide valuable insight into disease trends and excess. It also affected several islands in the pacific, and southeast asia. Although most patients with dengue will recover spontaneously, a small number will develop more severe lifethreatening forms of the disease. Identifying molecular epidemiological trends may help to identify the reasons for the reemergence of dengue across latin america and the caribbean, and, in. Record dengue outbreaks reported in 20 in many countries. This represents more reported cases in the four countries this year than in all of 2018. In january 2016, the world health organization who said the virus was likely to spread throughout most of the americas by the end of the year.
Using as examples zika, chikungunya and dengue, we summarise current knowledge on characteristics of the viruses and their transmission, clinical. Risk of dengue exists in tropical and subtropical areas of central america, south america, africa, asia, and oceania. The recent emergence and reemergence of viral infections transmitted by vectorszika, chikungunya, dengue, japanese encephalitis, west nile, yellow fever and othersis a cause for international concern. Dengue fever outbreak hits latin america and caribbean region. Dengue outbreak along the united statesmexico border. Worldwide, 50 to 100 million cases of dengue infection occur each year. It is an acute illness of sudden onset that usually follows a benign course with symptoms such as headache, fever, exhaustion, severe muscle and joint pain, swollen lymph nodes lymphadenopathy, and rash.
Following the last recorded outbreak of dengue in continental usa, in 1945 in the mississippi delta, the pan american health organization paho recommended an a. Organization who, and the current dengue outbreak in central. Mdr42005 central america dengue outbreak appeal launch date. Epidemiological characteristics of dengue disease in latin. Caribbean, central america, and south america haiti cholera 5oct 636 3 0. The countrys fatality rate associated with dengue is also the highest among the ten countries being monitored in latin america. Dengue fever is a disease spread by the aedes aegypti mosquito and caused by one of four dengue viruses that are closely related. An outbreak of dengue in sonora, mexico crossed the border into arizona, highlighting the risk of local transmission of mosquitoborne viruses, including zika and chikungunya, in us border regions.
Dengue is a disease caused by a virus spread through mosquito bites. New delhi, india, reported an outbreak of dengue fever, with 1,872 testing positive for the illness in september 2015. Brazil double deaths over 2012, singapore, and thailand worst in 20 years, among others. Dengue outbreak emergency plan of action, 6months operations update mdr42005. Arboviral disease reporting and investigation guideline.
Some countries are reporting increased numbers of cases of the disease. In 2010, 66 cases of locally acquired dengue associated with key west were reported in florida with onset dates between march and november 2010. In american samoa, there were 370 cases of dengue reported. Dengue fever is endemic throughout much of central and south america. Aedes aegypti, the most efficient mosquito vector of dengue, was detected in central. Paraguay experienced a severe dengue outbreak in 2007, which led to increased preparedness based on lessons learnt in order to address future outbreaks.
Cdcs central america regional office, laboratory advisor, beatriz lopez was a deployer fighting a dengue outbreak in honduras. Author summary the wide distribution of the mosquito vector and the cocirculation of multiple dengue virus serotypes has led to increases in the incidence of dengue in the americas, where it is a major public health concern. What 20 can teach us about dengue in the united states. Although unpleasant, dengue is usually a selflimiting illness. Dengue outbreak ing out fumigation activities in communities affected by dengue. However a small, but significant, number of people can develop more severe, lifethreatening infection. It can cause severe flulike symptoms and in severe cases can be fatal. Americas selected parameters appeal code mdr42005 year range refreshed on 07apr2020 at 08. Polynesia experienced an unprecedented series of outbreaks 14, along with chikungunya and zika virus. Hondurass worst dengue outbreak in 50 years the lancet.
Additionally, unreported and unrecognised dengue infections make it difficult to estimate the true extent of the epidemic. In comparison, 3,786 cholera cases were reported in 2018 and,681 cases in 2017. Implication of vaccination against dengue for zika outbreak. Historical records suggest that dengue outbreaks may have occurred in the. Scientists were beginning to suspect that outbreaks in central and south america were linked to birth defects, and cdc officials had issued a travel warning for pregnant women. Symptoms typically begin three to fourteen days after infection. Economic impact of dengue fever in latin america and the caribbean. Affected areas include the caribbean, south and central. Request pdf the growing burden of dengue in latin america the re emergence. Dengue fever is spreading rapidly across central america, the international federation of red cross and red crescent societies said friday. In july 1981, following the spread of the dengue epidemics in central america and the caribbean, an outbreak occurred in boa vista. Dengue fever is the fastest emerging arboviral infection spread by aedes mosquitoes with major public health consequences in over 100 tropical and subtropical countries in southeast asia, the western pacific and south and central america. Increased testing for zika virus due to concerns about birth defects likely led to increased detections of chikungunya and dengue.
Central america has been experiencing a worse than normal outbreak of dengue fever since april. Predicting where and when the next arbovirus epidemic will occur is a challenge, but history suggests that arboviral black swan events epidemics that are difficult to predict and that have an extreme effect will continue to occur as urban growth and globalisation expand. Entomological survey of dengue vector in an institutional campus to determine whether potential of dengue outbreak exists. The last time this many people in central america and mexico died from dengue was 20, according to data compiled by the pan american health organization. This article is a list of the biggest known epidemics including pandemics caused by an infectious disease. The purpose is to contribute to the development of a new evidencebased model for dengue surveillance and outbreak response, adaptable to individ. Widespread noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer are not included.
Dengue virus infection is the most common arthropodborne disease worldwide with approximately 50 to 100 million cases of dengue infection occurring annually. Dengue in the americas watch level 1, practice usual. Globally, dengue incidence has increased in the last 40 years, especially in latin american and caribbean lac countries where the highest incidence is found. Marines lopez by midjuly 2019, more than 28,000 cases of dengue had been reported in honduras with a total of 178 deaths. There is no vaccine or medication that protects against dengue fever. Marker color reflects the noteworthiness of events at a particular location during a given time window. Central americas dengue epidemic deadly in honduras the. Infectious and communicable diseases central american.
Organization who, and the current dengue outbreak in central america represents a growing concern to the ifrc and the national societies within the region. In the 19th century, dengue outbreaks were common in port cities of the caribbean, north, central, and south america and mostly related to commercial. Dengue, an important mosquitoborne virus transmitted mainly by aedes aegypti, is a major public health issue in latin america and the caribbean. In a small proportion of cases, the disease develops into severe dengue, also.
Dengue or dengue fever is a disease spread to humans by mosquito bites, and is caused by one of four types of dengue viruses. The cumulative incidence rate of dengue in the central america region is higher than in the previous five previous years, with an incidence of more than 100 people with dengue per 100,000 people. Central, and north america and the caribbean 6,7,8,9,10. Of the total confirmed cases, 2,374 were severe dengue. Travelers to the americas can protect themselves by preventing mosquito bites. Dengue fever is a disease caused by a family of viruses transmitted by infected mosquitoes. The virus has already claimed 60 lives, with a total of 120,000 cases. Three central american countries have declared an epidemiological alert for the current outbreak. Dengue serotypes 1, 2 and 4 circulate widely and, since 1994, den3 has circulated in central america and mexico. The shares of other regions included about 25% for the andean region, 17. Dengue fever is found mostly during and shortly after the rainy season in tropical and subtropical areas of the caribbean and central and south america, africa, southeast asia and china, india, the middle east, australia and the south and central pacific. An events degree of noteworthiness is based on the significance rating of the alert provided by healthmap users. A total 22 persons were identified with dengue fever in key west during the summer and fall of 2009. These may include a high fever, headache, vomiting, muscle and joint pains, and a characteristic skin rash.
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